The further you go, the more conservative it becomes. For Kazakhstani youth, family is more important than work and education. Survey results Among those surveyed there are those who adhere to patriarchal
What do men think about successful women? By what criteria do women evaluate successful men? The Mail.Ru Work portal and the popular Runet women's project Lady Mail.Ru conducted a joint study of the criteria for female and male success.
As the survey results showed, the majority of men still adhere to patriarchal views on women's mission. A significant portion of the male group consider the highest criteria for a woman’s success to be the birth of a child (41%) and the creation of home comfort (40%). Female beauty, according to the stronger sex, is also one of the main factors of success: 28% of respondents think so.
More than half of women (51%) consider financial independence to be their main life achievement. Having children as an indicator of female success ranks second (36%), career – third (30%), creative fulfillment – fourth (28%).
When assessing the factors of male success, participants in both groups put financial independence first (men 68%, women 62%). At the next level is career (men 50%, women 44%).
Judging by the respondents' answers, ideas about women's and men's roles in providing for the family have remained virtually unchanged over the past hundred years. The predominant part of the male and female audience (64% and 61% respectively) are convinced that the main part of the family income should be brought by the man. In addition, among those surveyed there are many who consider a significant difference in the income of spouses to be the norm: 23% of men, 23% and 15% of women responded this way.
At the same time, about a third of survey participants (32%) admit that a woman can earn more. However, only 27% of women are satisfied with a partner who brings a lower salary into the home.
Assessments of the financial criteria for male success were distributed as follows: 18% of women consider a monthly salary of 100 thousand rubles acceptable, 21% - at least 200 thousand, 9% count on 500 thousand rubles. Approximately 1/5 of the survey participants (18%) do not consider salary a measure of male success. It is characteristic that men’s ideas about a decent salary for the stronger sex practically coincided with women’s.
As it turns out, women have a lower bar for financial expectations. Only 4% of women and 5% of men consider 500 thousand rubles to be a decent income for a successful lady. A salary of 100 thousand rubles was considered acceptable by 13% of women and 16% of men, 20% of respondents in each group considered a monthly salary of 50 thousand rubles normal. Among the respondents there were many who are sure that women's success is not measured by money (women 21%, men 31%).
The research data confirmed that our society still divides professions by gender: 50% of women and 57% of men are convinced that there is a typically male and typically female job. The first places in the list of the most masculine professions were drivers and miners (23% each), loaders (20%) and builders (19%) - that is, those where endurance and physical strength are primarily valued. The work of a teacher (49%), secretary (20%), accountant (16%), seamstress (13%) and teacher (12%) was considered truly feminine.
The study involved 8,000 representatives of both sexes.
Bodrova V.V.
Work or family: what is more important for a modern woman?
As is known, economic reforms in recent years have led to a decrease in women's employment in public production. The results of a survey of the Russian population in August 1994 show that society's reaction to the reduction in women's participation in the national economy is ambiguous.
Proponents of the “egalitarian” concept proceed from the fact that economic reform expands the scope of the use of labor, while all social barriers that prevent every person, every personality, regardless of gender, are removed, and equal opportunities are provided in the process of self-realization. Supporters of women’s “natural destiny” believe that the decrease in women’s employment in social production increases their orientation towards family values, provided that men now have the opportunity to earn good money.
Several years ago, the issue of “overemployment” of women was widely discussed in society; there were calls to “return” the woman to the family, to “free” her from backbreaking labor in production. Even before the start of economic reform, in a 1990 survey, the largest number of votes (54%) received the point of view according to which for a woman family is more important than work,
Rice. 6. Respondents’ answers to the question: “What now, in your opinion, is more important for most modern women - family or work?” (August 1994)
Moreover, the opinions of men and women coincided. The “egalitarian” approach (family and work are equally important for a modern woman) attracted 37% of respondents; focusing only on women's professional work received negligible support - 3% of respondents.
A little more than two years later, in October 1992, the number of supporters of a woman’s “natural destiny” (her preference for family rather than work) sharply decreased from 54 to 37%, and the number of supporters of the “egalitarian” approach increased from 37 to 49%. In August 1994, the question asked in 1990 and 1992 was repeated: “What do you think is most important for most women now—family or work?” The number of supporters of women's “natural destiny” remained at the 1992 level (37%), while the share of “egalitarians” in matters of family and work decreased slightly compared to 1992 (44%). Among the women surveyed, this point of view received 48% (see Fig. 6). The opinion about the priority of professional work for women still received little support - 2.6% of respondents. Among the respondents, there is a noticeable group of those who are inclined to believe that work is now more important for women than family - 7% of respondents. Thus, some changes in ideology regarding women’s work occurred back in 1992 in connection with the beginning of economic reform.
Let us dwell in more detail on the views of women of different generations and different socio-professional status on this problem.
44% of women under the age of 24 give preference to family, another 40% of women of this age believe that family and work are equally important. Among women 25-39 years old, 34% gave the first answer; the second - almost half of women (49%).
The trend is this: the younger the female respondents, the more often they speak out in favor of the family (a similar trend was observed in the 1992 survey).
There is a close correlation between women’s preferences and their socio-professional status: for 62% of women managers, family and work are equally important, only 22% of them give preference to family; they are followed in descending order by female employees, specialists, skilled workers, unskilled workers.
Table 38
Women's responses to the question: "Did you work outside the home full time, part time, or not at all while you had a preschool child?"
(In % of the number of respondents.)
Every second unemployed woman believes that family and work are equally important for women and 28% of them tend to consider family as more important than work.
The answers were influenced to a lesser extent by the level of women's education and per capita income, although a trend can be traced here: with increasing income, the proportion of those respondents who prefer family to work increases and, vice versa.
To understand why almost half of female students choose a family, it is necessary to analyze the answers to the following question: “Did your mother work for at least a year from your birth until you were 14 years old?” Nine out of ten (87%) answered yes. To the question: “Did you work outside the home full time while you had a preschool-aged child?” 60% of women answered affirmatively.
The older generation of women was much less likely to have the opportunity not to work if they had children of preschool age (see Table 38).
The law on parental leave for up to one year was adopted in 1981. Before that, working women had the right only to maternity leave. Part-time work for women was not widely practiced; women “fought” for such a right against the state, which, in conditions of extensive economic development, saw them primarily as labor force. A small proportion of women over 54 years of age (5%) worked part-time when they had preschool-age children.
The majority of respondents (76%) absolutely agree with the following statement: if a woman works full time, this generally has a bad effect on family life (10% disagree with it); 80% are convinced that if both parents work full time, this has a bad effect on a preschool child. More than half of respondents (55%) believe that a woman should stay at home, take care of her family and raise children when she has a preschool-age child. This opinion finds even greater support among female managers (61%) and unskilled workers (71%), whose working conditions are harmful to women's health. Only 4% of women are convinced that a woman should work full time, despite the fact that she has a preschool child (see Figure 7).
Ideal ideas about the role of women expressed by the population in October 1992, February 1993 and August 1994 make it possible to identify the direction of development within family relations.
Rice. 7. Respondents' responses to the question: "Do you think a woman should work outside the home full-time, part-time, or not work at all when she has a preschool-aged child?"
In the current transition period, previous ideological attitudes regarding the position of women in the family and society are being broken down; there is a gap between the theoretical research of scientists and the population’s ideas about the purpose and roles of women.
The answers present five types of views of the population on the ideal life path of a woman.
Type I: women should work and have a career without paying much attention to the family. In all three surveys, this point of view gained a negligibly small number of supporters: 1% of all respondents. They are distinguished primarily by their age - from 20 to 44 years, and the women who gave a similar answer - by living in an urban area, as well as by the fact that they do not have children.
P type reflects the traditional view that dominated the USSR for many years: the constant combination of work and family responsibilities gives a woman economic independence and status, the opportunity to achieve equal success with a man.
Among supporters of these views, women predominate over men (in 1992 - 21% of women and 16% of men; in 1993 - 13% of women and 8% of men; in 1994 - 15% of women and 10% of men), significantly there are more mature and elderly people aged 49-59 years old, brought up on such an ideology.
III type represents the ideal life path of women as follows: work - home and family - work, i.e. until children appear - work, while children are small - stay at home, and when they grow up - return to work and combine work (career) with housekeeping and caring for children. This point of view is close to the ideology of equality, proclaimed as a state doctrine in pre-perestroika times. Apparently, its supporters believe that the pressure of “war employment” during the birth and upbringing of small children will decrease and women will give preference over a certain period
Rice. 8. Respondents' answers to the question: "What mainly motivates women with children to work?"
only caring about family, not work. This opinion gained the largest number of supporters both in 1992, 1993, and in 1994 (33%, 29 and 34%, respectively), and more often its spokesmen were women (1992 - 38%, 1993 - 34%). (In 1994, the wording of the question was changed: limiting a woman’s “home period” to the child’s age up to three years.) In 1994, men were slightly more likely than women to favor such a model: 35% of men and 33% of women .
IV type to a greater extent than the previous one, gives preference to the family: until children appear, work, and when they appear, focus on the family, run the house and take care of the children. In 1993, 22% of respondents answered this way; in 1994, this point of view gained 26% of supporters among men and 27% of supporters among women respondents.
V type: a woman must devote herself to her family, take care of her home, children, relatives and friends all her life and not work outside the home in a paid job. The share of those who hold a patriarchal view of the status of women increased from 16% in 1992 to 22% in 1993 and then fell back to its original level in 1994.
A feature of the current moment in Russia is the pushing of women out of the labor market, which is explained primarily by their lower competitiveness compared to men and by professional segregation in the field of employment. Women who continue to work, realizing the precariousness of their position, can idealize their future position in the family. In addition, with an increase in social and material status, young people experience a change in value orientations: the importance of the family increases, the desire to pay more attention to children increases, etc.
Probably, current ideas about the ideal life path of women are a kind of reaction to the previous state doctrine of universal employment of women in public production and
Table 39
Responses to the question: “To what extent do you agree or disagree that the best way for a woman to be independent is to have a job?” (In % of the number of respondents.)
are of a transitional nature, just like the time in which Russia lives. The ideal model of women's behavior in the labor market, which we obtained as a result of these surveys, gives rise to the following conclusion: public opinion evaluates the freedom of a woman to choose her own path as a position that is difficult to realize in life. 80% of respondents in 1992 and 70% in 1994 named “the inability to live only on the husband’s earnings” among the motives encouraging women with children to work outside the home (“interest in work” was mentioned by 9 to 5% of respondents) (see Fig. 8). Women named the second motive for work as “the desire to have “your own” salary in order to be financially independent” (62%).
It is widely believed (44% of respondents think so) that the main reason why women fail to achieve the career position for which they could qualify in accordance with their qualifications and desires is the time spent on family and caring for children . Respondents also mentioned a lack of ambition in women (18%), and women themselves, especially married (23%) or with higher education (26%), and female managers (24%) pointed to this circumstance more often than men.
It is known that many more men than women are employed in management jobs in Russia and the former USSR. This ratio, for example, among specialists with higher education is 48:7, i.e. Women are seven times less likely than men to hold leadership positions. However, public opinion on this issue is different. 45% of respondents (August 1994) believe that women should participate in management on an equal basis with men (which is 6 percentage points lower than in 1992; the total number of supporters of non-equal rights is less - 28%, while 7% believe that women should not be in leadership positions at all).
How satisfied are women with their work and pay compared to men? According to 1991 data, the largest number of those who were dissatisfied to varying degrees with their work was among women (1.6 times higher than men), and there were twice as many women who were completely dissatisfied with their work as men. Job satisfaction can be indirectly judged by the answers to the question about dissatisfaction with pay. In the hierarchy of job attractiveness, it ranks last, far ahead of the rest. In August 1994, 48% of respondents who responded were “completely dissatisfied” with their salaries (in 1991 - 51%), including men - 46% and women - 51%.
To the question: “Who in your family earns more: husband or wife?” 38% of both men and women in 1994 (in 1992 - 40%) answered that the husband earns much more than the wife, and this applies to all generations of respondents. 62% of young women (under 24 years of age) are of the opinion that the husband earns much more than the wife (in 1992 - 67%).
Society is still dominated by two main views on the position of women at work and in the family. On the one hand, they believe that the best way for a woman to be independent is to have a job. 59% of all respondents agreed with this. On the other hand, 69% of respondents agree that the husband’s job is to earn money, and the wife’s job is to run the house and take care of the family.
The views of respondents of different ages differ markedly (see Table 39).
Young women (under 24 years old) are 1.7 times more likely than older women (from 25 to 54 years old) to disagree with the opinion that having a job can guarantee a woman independence (22 and 14%, respectively), and are unmarried (16 %) more often married (14%). Women are more dissatisfied with their jobs and their pay than men. This is likely to influence the opinions of young women, almost one in four of whom do not consider having a job to be a guarantee of their independence. Among men aged 25-39 years - almost every fourth, and among men aged 40-54 years
Almost every third person disagrees with the idea that work gives women independence. Among young men, the more common opinion (44%) is that work and women's independence are interconnected, and only 13% are of the opinion that work
Not the best way for women to achieve independence.
To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Family Open task bank
Read the text below, each position marked with a letter. (A) According to the results of a sociological survey, women ideally plan to start working at 18–20 years old, get married at 21–24 years old, then start living separately from their parents and give birth to a child around the same time. (B) Men’s ideas about what their life path should look like are somewhat different: they want to start working earlier, and get married and have children later – at 25–28 years old. (B) It should be borne in mind that young girls tend to fly out of their parents’ nest earlier than boys. Determine which provisions of the text 1) reflect facts 2) express opinions
Read the text below, each position marked with a letter. (A) A family with two children, built on trust, love and respect, living separately from their parents - this is how most participants in the sociological survey imagine an ideal family. (B) It is gratifying that the majority of citizens surveyed believe that when getting married one should be guided by feelings. (B) 12% of surveyed citizens could call their family ideal, another 36% have one in their environment. Determine which provisions of the text 1) reflect facts 2) express opinions
Read the text below, each position of which is marked with a letter. (A) There are frequent cases of deviant behavior in prosperous families. (B) The family is not the only institution in society involved in the socialization of the individual. (B) It would be good if every person throughout his life observed the positive norms of behavior learned in the family. Determine which provisions of the text 1) reflect facts 2) express opinions
A group of people of different ages live together and run a joint household. What additional information indicates that this group is a family? These people 1) are related by blood 2) have common interests 3) work at the same enterprise 4) turn to each other for advice
What distinguishes a family from other social groups? 1) unity of interests 2) common goals of activity 3) existence of rules of activity 4) common life
The Petrov family consists of four people: parents and two minor children. The data presented allow us to conclude that the Petrov family is 1) nuclear 2) authoritarian 3) democratic 4) socially protected
There are different typologies of families. Which of the following family types is distinguished depending on the size of the family? 1) nuclear 2) authoritarian 3) democratic 4) matriarchal
M.'s family consists of a married couple with two children. They live with their husband's parents and his grandmother. The role of leader in the family belongs to the husband's father; male and female responsibilities are clearly delineated in the family; household members unconditionally fulfill the requirements of the head of the family. What type can M.’s family be classified as, depending on the nature of the distribution of household responsibilities? 1) nuclear 2) large family 3) partnership 4) patriarchal
The Petrov family consists of a married couple with a three-year-old child. They live with their husband's parents and his grandmother. What type is the Petrov family? 1) nuclear 2) authoritarian 3) democratic 4) expanded
The Petrov family lives in their own house in an urban village. It consists of eight people: mother, father, their minor son, their adult daughter with her husband and child, as well as the father’s parents. What type can the Petrov family be classified as, depending on its size? 1) nuclear 2) authoritarian 3) democratic 4) expanded
The Krylov family lives in their own house in an urban village. It consists of five people: a mother, a father, their minor son, and the father's parents. What type can the Krylov family be classified as, depending on its numerical composition? 1) nuclear 2) authoritarian 3) democratic 4) expanded
A family of any type is characterized by 1) the obligatory assignment of household responsibilities to the woman 2) the economic dependence of the woman on the man 3) an equitable distribution of household responsibilities 4) the presence of a household, a common life
M.'s family consists of a young married couple with a 3-year-old child. They live with their husband's parents and his grandmother. What type can M.’s family be classified as, depending on its size? 1) nuclear 2) authoritarian 3) democratic 4) expanded
When asked by journalists what family means to him, the famous artist replied: “Family is a place where I always feel protected.” What role of family in a person’s life does this example illustrate? 1) The family takes care of maintaining the physical health of its members. 2) The family creates a favorable psychological and emotional climate. 3) The family participates in the socialization of the younger generation. 4) The family exercises primary social control over the behavior of its members.
What example illustrates the economic function of the modern family? 1) At the family council, it was decided to purchase a new car. 2) On a day off, father and son went for a walk in the city park. 3) Grandmother helps her grandson do homework in mathematics and Russian. 4) The father explained to his little son the rules of behavior when visiting.
In peasant families of medieval Europe, children almost four years old were entrusted with feasible work. This fact reveals the function of the family 1) leisure 2) emotional support 3) economic 4) social and status
Establish a correspondence between the manifestations and functions of the family: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column. MANIFESTATIONS OF THE FAMILY FUNCTION A) joint spending 1) social family budget 2) economic B) transfer of a certain status to children C) creation of a family business D) joint housekeeping E) teaching children the rules of etiquette
What characterizes a family of a democratic (partnership) type? 1) The family morally regulates the behavior of family members. 2) Children do not have the right to argue with their parents, defending their point of view. 3) In the family, responsibilities are clearly divided: the husband earns money, the wife is a housewife. 4) All family members have a voice in family decisions.
Are the following statements about the family true? A. The union of a man and a woman who are in a registered marriage, living together and leading a common household is called a family. B. Family members are connected by a common life, moral and legal responsibility. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
Are the following statements about the family true? A. A family is a small group whose members are related by marriage or kinship. B. Unlike members of other small groups, there is direct personal contact between family members. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
There is a tradition in K.’s family: getting together in the evening and talking about all the problems. What role of family in a person’s life does this example illustrate? 1) The family provides psychological support. 2) Adults are involved in children's education. 3) The family cares about maintaining a healthy lifestyle. 4) The family provides economic support for its members.
Establish a correspondence between the examples and the areas of family activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column. EXAMPLES A) family trip to the forest for a picnic on a weekend B) distribution of housework between spouses C) acquaintance with family traditions, their preservation and development D) teaching children table manners E) family budget planning DIRECTIONS OF FAMILY ACTIVITY 1) economic activity 2) educational activities 3) organization of leisure time
In medieval Europe there was a proverb: he is not worthy to be a man who is not the master of his wife. It reflects relationships in the family 1) democratic 2) patriarchal 3) partnership 4) incomplete
Are the following judgments about family and family relationships true? A. Modern society is interested in strengthening the family. B. The post-industrial stage of development of society is characterized by a patriarchal type of family. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
Are the following judgments about family and family relationships true? A. Family members are bound by moral and legal responsibility. B. The predominant form of family in modern Western society is the patriarchal family. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
Read the text below, each position of which is marked with a letter. (A) In the family, the child learns moral values and standards of behavior. (B) It seems that in a prosperous, happy family there cannot be manifestations of deviant behavior. (B) Numerous studies of youth crime have shown that about 85% of young people with deviant behavior were brought up in dysfunctional families. Determine which provisions of the text 1) reflect facts 2) express opinions
Preview:
In modern social science, it is customary to distinguish between nuclear and extended families. The term "nuclear family" is used to refer to a family consisting of only a husband, wife and their children. An extended, or multigenerational, family consists of three to four generations of relatives living together.
In modern society, the family has not only decreased in its quantitative composition. The legal basis of family relations, as well as the functions of the family, have changed. The patriarchal family was held together by the greatest moral authority, which was usually enjoyed by the traditional head of the family. Formal headship has always belonged to the man (i.e. husband, father, parent). In the family law of modern Western societies, increasing attention is paid to the independent rights of each family member, including children, and we can talk about a family of a democratic type.
There has also been a significant change in the economic function of the family - a shift from production to consumption. The patriarchal family was also an economic unit involved in production. In modern society, the production function of the family has practically disappeared. Technological production has displaced the family from its ancient productive role...
According to a number of sociologists, there is a “compression” of the educational and educational function of the family. It is increasingly being implemented by the system of preschool and school institutions. The reduction of socially significant functions of the family, according to these sociologists, leads to a decrease in its role in society. Other researchers point to the preservation of other important functions by the family.
(Adapted from materials from the online publication)
- The text examines two pairs of different family types. List these pairs.
- Based on the text and using social science knowledge, indicate the main reason that led to the weakening of the productive role of the family. What exactly is the weakening of this role expressed in (give two manifestations)?
The family was held together by the greatest moral authority. Such authority was usually enjoyed by the traditional head of the family...formal headship always belonged to a man (i.e. husband, father, parent)...even a weak-willed father was usually respected and obeyed by the children, even a not very successful husband enjoyed the trust of his wife, and even a not-too-smart son was the father , when the time came, he gave unspoken, self-evident seniority. The strictness of family relationships came from traditional moral and religious attitudes. Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults turned into mutual love in a good family, despite the large family size All management of the household was in the hands of the woman, wife, mother. She was in charge, as they say, of the keys to the entire house, keeping records of grain, hay, straw, flour... All livestock and all domestic animals were under the supervision of a woman. Under her vigilant supervision was everything related to the family's nutrition: observing fasts, baking bread and pies, the holiday table and the everyday table, taking care of linen and clothing repairs, weaving, baths, etc. Of course, she did not do all this work alone: even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little began to do something useful. The woman was not at all shy about the methods of reward and punishment when it came to the household... The owner, the head of the house and family, was primarily a mediator in relations between the farmstead and the community, i.e. land society, family and local authorities. He was in charge of the main agricultural work (plowing, sowing), as well as construction, logging and firewood. Together with his adult sons, he bore the entire physical burden of peasant labor on his shoulders. The grandfather (the owner's father) often had not only an advisory, but also a decisive vote in any matter. By the way, in a respectable family, any important issues were resolved at family councils, and openly, in front of the children. Only distant relatives (usually poor or infirm) wisely did not participate in them. (According to V.I. Belov) |
Name three manifestations of formal male leadership in the family described in the text.
Being a father these days is more difficult than before. The father no longer has the “innate” right to leadership in the family, the “hereditary” authority. The “innate” authority of the father can be replaced by acquired authority, which is determined by all behavior in the family and care for it. But even then this authority will not be dominant, but equal to the authority of the mother. This is the essence of a modern, equal, democratic family. Researchers have found that some schoolchildren place their father in the family in all respects in second place after their mother, and in a number of circumstances - after their grandmother, grandfather, and peers. Or maybe let it be like this: the mother comes first? After all, a mother is a nature-given educator of her children. It's right. But father? Isn't a father a less capable teacher of his children? The father has a good supply of versatile information for raising a child, often not less, but more than the mother. The father spends much less time working in the household than the mother, and he is freer in the family. It turns out that in many families there is considerable paternal educational potential, often hidden and untapped. A father's positive example in raising children is important and significant. Being attentive and caring towards children is the main thing. But the father must also be quite demanding - you cannot respect without demanding. And you can’t demand without respect. True, it is very important what tone of communication the father chooses with his children. In a family, a requirement is best expressed in the form of a request. The tone of an order or instruction is not suitable here, or least of all suitable, especially when we are talking with teenagers or adult children. Otherwise – a breakdown, a conflict. Probably every father wants to see his children good. Recently, many fathers have become more attentive to family problems and raising children. Sociologists have found that the share of male participation in raising children is clearly growing. Men are much more willing to attend parent-teacher meetings and help children with homework than to participate in cooking and washing clothes. However, more and more men consider it necessary to do housework with their wives. This means they correctly understand their fatherly duty. (According to N.Ya. Solovyov) |
|||||||||||||||
|
The survey results, reflected in the diagram, were published and commented on in the media. Which of the following conclusions directly follows from the information obtained during the survey? |
|||||||||||||||
|
Sociological services surveyed citizens of country Z. They were asked the question: “What role does the family play in a person’s life?” The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. |
|||||||||||||||
|
Scientists surveyed adult citizens of country Z with different levels of education. They were asked the question: “Whose responsibility do you think is to run the household?” The majority of respondents in each group believe that husband and wife should participate equally in running the household. |
||
The share of those who believe that housekeeping is the responsibility of the husband is higher among respondents with secondary education than among those with higher education. |
||
More respondents with secondary education, compared to those with higher education, note that housekeeping is the responsibility of the wife. |
||
Among those who have completed higher education, there are more people who believe that housekeeping is the husband's responsibility than those who believe that everything depends on specific circumstances. |
||
The proportion who had difficulty answering the question was higher among respondents with higher education than among those who received secondary education. |
The survey results, reflected in the table, were published and commented on in the media. Which of the following conclusions directly follows from the information obtained during the survey? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated. |
|||||||||||||||
|
Part 1.
Task 1. Read the text and complete the tasks for it.
The middle class is a part of society that occupies a middle position in status positions between the upper and lower classes.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the middle class included small owners and independent entrepreneurs. But as the “mass welfare society” developed in developed countries, there was an increase in the living standards of qualified wage workers (managers, lawyers, accountants and bank employees, school and university teachers, doctors, etc.), who significantly joined the ranks of the middle class.
There is a constant debate among scientists about the criteria for identifying the middle class. Most often, the main objective criteria are the level of education and income, consumption standards, ownership of material or intellectual property, as well as the ability to perform highly skilled labor. In addition to these objective criteria, a person’s subjective perception of his position, that is, his self-identification as a representative of the “social middle,” plays an important role.
As the main social group, the middle class of developed countries performs a number of very important social functions.
The main one among them is the function of a social stabilizer: having achieved a certain place in the social structure of society, representatives of the middle class tend to support the existing government structure, which allowed them to achieve their position. It should be borne in mind that the middle class plays a leading role in the processes of social mobility, and this also strengthens the existing social system, protecting it from social cataclysms: the dissatisfaction of the lower class with its position is balanced by the very real opportunities presented to them for increasing their status in society.
In the sphere of economic relations, the middle class plays the role of an economic donor - not only as a producer of a huge part of society's income, but also as a large consumer, investor and taxpayer.
In the cultural sphere, the middle class is the custodian and disseminator of the values, norms, traditions and laws of society.
It is the middle class that supplies officials and managers of various ranks - both for the state apparatus and for business. The activities of civil society are also based on the activity of representatives of the middle class.
(Based on materials from the Internet encyclopedia)
1. Using facts from social life, illustrate with three examples the social mobility of middle class representatives.
2. The text indicates that there is constant debate among scientists about the criteria for identifying the middle class. Formulate any two questions that may cause controversy.
3. Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
5. What four functions of the middle class are considered by the author of the text?
6. What two groups of criteria for identifying the middle class are named in the text?
Part 2. Working with diagrams
Exercise 1. Scientists surveyed 25-year-old and 60-year-old residents of country Z. They were asked: “What, in your opinion, is the reason for people’s deviant behavior?”
A)
1) Regardless of age, respondents in most cases associate deviant behavior with social factors.
2) Young people consider deviant behavior to be a conscious choice of a person.
3) Among the respondents there is no consensus on the cause of deviant behavior.
4) Respondents from both groups negatively assess the influence of society on people.
5) Older people are more likely than young people to think about the causes of deviant behavior.
IN)
1) The smallest proportion of respondents in both groups sees the reason in the influence of the social environment.
2) The largest proportion of respondents in each group believe that deviant behavior is associated with a person’s lifestyle.
3) The percentage of those who see biological reasons for deviant behavior is higher among 60-year-olds than among 25-year-olds.
4) The same proportion of respondents in both groups believe that deviant behavior is a consequence of psychological character traits.
5) The percentage of those who believe that the environment determines a person’s deviant behavior is higher among 60-year-olds than among 25-year-olds.
Task 2. Scientists surveyed 25-year-old and 55-year-old citizens of country Z. They were asked the question: “Whose responsibility do you think is to run the household?”
The results of the surveys (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are shown in the table.
A) Find in the list the conclusions that can be drawn based on the table and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Among those who believe that husband and wife should equally participate in housekeeping, there are more 25-year-old respondents than 55-year-old respondents.
2) Equal shares of respondents from both groups believe that housekeeping is the responsibility of the husband.
3) Among those who believe that housekeeping is the wife’s responsibility, there are more 25-year-old than 55-year-old respondents.
4) Among 55-year-old respondents, there are fewer who believe that housekeeping is the responsibility of the husband than those who believe that everything depends on specific circumstances.
5) The proportion who had difficulty answering the question is higher among 25-year-olds than among 55-year-old respondents.
IN) The survey results, reflected in the table, were published and commented on in the media. Which of the following conclusions directly follows from the information obtained during the survey?
Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Among the respondents there are those who adhere to patriarchal views on family relationships.
2) Older people are more willing to consider the issue of distributing household responsibilities depending on the specific situation.
3)Most of the respondents are not married.
4) Views of family relationships as partnerships are very popular among citizens of country Z.
5) Citizens of country Z prefer to regulate family relations using a marriage contract.
Task 3. In country Z, a survey was conducted of 17-year-old boys and girls about what method of behavior in social and interpersonal conflict they consider the most effective.
The results of the survey of two groups of respondents (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in graphical form.
A) Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Leaving the situation is most popular among both groups of respondents.
2) It is more common for young men to defend their interests.
3) A third of respondents from both groups choose a concession.
4) A larger proportion of girls choose to seek a compromise rather than leave the situation.
5) Among young men, the search for a compromise is less popular than a concession.
IN) The survey results, reflected in the diagram, were published and commented on in the media. Which of the following conclusions directly follows from the information obtained during the survey?
Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Girls are more prone to aggression than boys.
2) Most of the respondents do not understand what tolerance is.
3) Modern youth are characterized by increased conflict.
4) When choosing a method for resolving a conflict, differences by gender appear.
5) Survey participants believe that different strategies can be used to resolve conflicts.
Task 4. Scientists surveyed citizens of country Z. They were asked the question: “Why do people start a family?”
The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.
A) Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The largest proportion of respondents believe that people start a family so as not to be lonely.
2) Among those surveyed, more of those who believe that people create a family in order to have children and continue the family line than those who believe that they do this in order to have a comfortable life.
3) Equal shares of respondents believe that people create a family in order to feel needed and have a cozy home.
4) The opinion that people get married because it is accepted is more popular than the opinion that people do not want to be single.
5) A quarter of respondents believe that people get married so as not to be lonely.
IN) The survey results, reflected in the diagram, were published and commented on in the media. Which of the following conclusions directly follows from the information obtained during the survey?
Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) In country Z, families of the traditional (patriarchal) type predominate.
2) Young people are skeptical about marriage.
3) People attach the greatest importance to the reproductive function of the family
4) There are always those who strive to solve their everyday problems with the help of their family.
5)People prefer families with two or three children.
- 1)). Scientists surveyed 25-year-old and 55-year-old citizens of country Z. They were asked the question: “Whose responsibility do you think is to run the household?”
The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.
Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and
1) Among those who believe that husband and wife should equally participate in housekeeping, there are more 25-year-old respondents than 55-year-old respondents.
2) Equal shares of respondents from both groups believe that housekeeping is the responsibility of the husband.
3) Among those who believe that housekeeping is the wife’s responsibility, there are more 25-year-old than 55-year-old respondents.
4) Among 55-year-old respondents, there are fewer who believe that housekeeping is the responsibility of the husband than those who believe that everything depends on specific circumstances.
5) The percentage of those who had difficulty answering the question is higher among 25-year-olds than among 55-year-old respondents.
2) The survey results, reflected in the diagram, were published and commented on in the media. Which of the following conclusions directly follows from the information obtained during the survey?
Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- 1) Among the respondents there are those who adhere to patriarchal views on family relationships. 2) Older people are more willing to consider the issue of distributing household responsibilities depending on the specific situation. 3)Most of the respondents are not married. 4) Views of family relationships as partnerships are very popular among citizens of country Z. 5) Citizens of country Z prefer to regulate family relationships through a marriage contract.
The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the table.
The survey results, reflected in the table, were published and commented on in the media. Which of the following conclusions directly follows from the information obtained during the survey?
Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- 1) The respondents recognized the presence of various influences on human behavior. 2) The majority of respondents consider deviant behavior to be a coincidence. 3) People do not like to admit their guilt for bad deeds. 4) Society can negatively influence a person by pushing him
to deviant behavior. 5) Most often, deviant behavior is associated with a person’s personal qualities, rather than social factors.
4)) Find in the list the conclusions that can be drawn based on the table and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- 1) The smallest proportion of respondents in both groups sees the reason for deviant behavior in the influence of “bad company.” 2) The percentage of those who believe that the influence of “bad company” determines a person’s deviant behavior is higher among men than among women. 3) The same proportion of respondents in both groups believe that deviant behavior is a consequence of psychological character traits. 4) The largest proportion of respondents in each group believes that deviant behavior is associated with the social conditions of a person’s life. 5) The percentage of those who see biological reasons for deviant behavior is higher among women than among men.
Or maybe let it be like this: the mother comes first? After all, a mother is a nature-given educator of her children. It's right. But father? Isn't a father a less capable teacher of his children? The father has a good supply of versatile information for raising a child, often not less, but more than the mother. The father spends much less time working in the household than the mother, and he is freer in the family. It turns out that in many families there is considerable paternal educational potential, often hidden and untapped.
A father's positive example in raising children is important and significant. Being attentive and caring towards children is the main thing. But the father must also be quite demanding - you cannot respect without demanding. And you can’t demand without respect. True, it is very important what tone of communication the father chooses with his children. In a family, a requirement is best expressed in the form of a request. The tone of an order or instruction is not suitable here, or least of all suitable, especially when we are talking with teenagers or adult children. Otherwise – a breakdown, a conflict.
Probably every father wants to see his children good. Recently, many fathers have become more attentive to family problems and raising children. Sociologists have found that the share of male participation in raising children is clearly growing. Men are much more willing to attend parent-teacher meetings and help children with homework than to participate in cooking and washing clothes. However, more and more men consider it necessary to do housework with their wives. This means they correctly understand their fatherly duty.
(According to N.Ya. Solovyov)
(Name the two main reasons given by the author.)
From 2. Eighth-grader Alina feels that her parents are too protective of her and treat her like a small child. Therefore, Alina often quarrels with her parents. Using the text and social science knowledge, formulate two pieces of advice for Alina and her parents that, in your opinion, can improve their relationship.
C 3. There is an opinion that the family today is losing its importance
in raising children. Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) to refute this opinion.
C 4. Based on the text and relying on personal social experience, name two circumstances that allow the author to highly appreciate the educational potential of the father in the family. Suggest why this potential often remains untapped.
C 5. Give three examples illustrating the importance of father involvement in raising children.
C 6. Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.